Markup Language File Formats – A Survey

Posted on May 17, 2019 by Kashif Iqbal

A markup language is a computer language that separates the elements of a document by tags. Unlike programming languages, it is in human-readable format and can be opened with almost all text editors. For its nature of defining elements by tags, such a file allows definition of wide range of elements. These tags doesn’t have anything to do with the graphical representation of the data, nor they are used to specify user defined settings such as fonts, dimensions, etc.

There are quite a number of markup languages available for use these days. Some of these are discussed here for general awareness.

HTML – Hypertext Markup Language

HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) is the extension for web pages created for display in browsers. Known as language of the web, HTML has evolved with requirements of new information requirements to be displayed as part of web pages. The latest variant is known as HTML 5 that gives a lot of flexibility for working with the language. HTML pages are either received from server, where these are hosted, or can be loaded from local system as well. Each HTML page is made up of HTML elements such as forms, text, images, animations, links, etc. These elements are represented by tags such as <img>, <a>, <p> and several others where each tag has start and end. It can also embed applications written in scripting languages such as JavaScript and Style Sheets (CSS) for overall layout representation.

XML – Extended Markup Language

XML stands for Extensible Markup Language that is similar to HTML but different in using tags for defining objects. The whole idea behind creation of XML file format was to store and transport data without being dependent on software or hardware tools. Its popularity is due to it being both human as well as machine readable. This enables it to create common data protocols in the form of objects to be stored and shared over network such as World Wide Web (WWW). The “X” in XML is for extensible which implies that the language can be extended to any number of symbols as per user requirements. It is for these features that many standard file formats make use of it such as Microsoft Open XML, LibreOffice OpenDocument, XHTML and SVG.

XHTML – Extensible HyperText Markup Language

The XHTML is a text based file format with markup in the XML, using a reformulation of HTML 4.0. These files are well suited to be open or viewed in a web browser. XHTML was designed to be more structured, less scripting, generic; using all the existing facilities of XML and more device independent. XHTML provides a generally worthwhile set of elements and attributes, with extension options in combination with style sheets. The attributes are used from the metadata attributes collection. XHTML provides flexibility and accessibility by subordinating all HTML presentation elements to style sheets. Style sheets are more versatile than these presentational elements. Specifications for HTML 4.01, HTML5 and XHTML are being dynamically developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

XAML – XML based Markup Language

XAML, Extensible Application Markup Language, extension files describe the user interface elements for software applications based on Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF). Though a language, it doesn’t require to be programmed as it is based on standard format of XML which is easy to use and understand. XAML (pronounced as “zammel”) was developed by Microsoft with specific aim for creating user interfaces. Its acronym original stood for Extensible Avalon Markup Language, where Avalon was the code-name for WPF. XAML files are sometimes saved with XOML extension as well.

Few other markup languages include MHTML, HTM and XOML that use the base markup languages discussed above for their functionality. The use of respective markup language depends on the purpose. If the content is to be used for display purpose, then HTML, MHTML and HTM are used. However, if data description is the need, markup languages such as XML and those based on XML are used.

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EPUB vs PDF: E-Publishing File Formats

Posted on April 8, 2019 by Kashif Iqbal

With the increase in usage of smart devices, digital documents are replacing printed copies of the same. The ease of reading the content on your smart phone or tablet gives you freedom from carrying the hard copies of content everywhere. Several digital file reading formats are available for use, with eBooks taking an important role. PDF and EPub are two most popular eBook file formats that are widely used for reading digital content.

In this article, we’ll try to present a brief overview of both these types and then present some comparisons from several different perspectives.

PDF

PDF (Portable Document Format) is the famous and widely used standard for digital documents representation. Adobe introduced PDF in 1993 and it was followed by a series of standardization, leading to a family of PDF standards including PDF/A, PDF/E, PDF/UA, PDF/VT and PDF/X. PDF, in reality, is a digital representation of a paper document that has fixed layout. Having a PDF is like holding a printed copy of the document via a screen.

EPub

E-publishing or EPubs are digital representation of documents keeping in view the reading on mobile devices. Compared to PDF, EPub files are flexible in terms of reflowable and are considered the primary choice for creation of ebooks. The format adjusts document layout according to the device screen, making it more convenient for reading.

EPub vs PDF

The Commonalities

The choice of EPub vs PDF depends on a number of factors. Since both the formats are used for digital representation of documents, the differences as well as the commonality between these two formats are of vital importance before opting for one. The common things between these are as follow:

Multiplatform Support: Both the formats are readable over multiple platforms andcan be opened with a variety of readers.
Security: PDF offers you security of content by applying a password on the file so that it can’t be opened without password. EPub provides content security via digital rights management (DRM) that protects the work from reproduction.

The Differences

With commonalities come the differences that give priority to one format over the other. Following are the differences between these two types.

Rich Media: Though widely in use, PDF doesn’t support rich interactive media such as video and audio. In contrast, EPub supports embedding video and audio links that make the content rich with these media types.
Editability: PDFs can be edited using publicly available applications as well as APIs. EPub files are generally read-only and can’t be edited.
Reading Experience: EPubs are reflowable as compared to PDF which makes them the obvious choice of readability on mobile devices and tablets. The auto adjustment of contents to fit the screen and around the images makes it the choice of reading on smart devices. In contrast, a PDF file is a fixed layout file format that constantly requires you to zoom, pinch and scroll for readability. However, if the relationship of text to image is essential (like in a children’s story book), PDF dominates.
Developer Perspective: From application developer’s perspective, EPub is more flexible than PDF. Based on standard XML and XHTML languages, EPub is easy to use with most types of software. In contrast, PDF is based on strict conforming rules and developers find it hard to write applications for writing PDF files.

EPub or PDF: Which format to use?

The choice of EPub or PDF depends on user requirements actually. If the purpose is to write and publish books, ePub is the obvious choice. However, if your business requires contents that needs to be printed, PDF should be preferred.

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Doc to Docx – A change worth considering to switch!

Posted on March 23, 2019 by Kashif Iqbal

Working with latest Microsoft Word version, the default file format for saving the document is D O CX. As time moves on, the upcoming generations, working in technology domain, won’t even know how the DOCX format replaced the DOC file format which was the default format for Word 2003 and before. By moving from Doc to Docx, Microsoft fulfilled its promise of open file format standards that was long demanded by companies providing support for word documents.

DOC vs DOCX

Those who don’t know the technical details, they may ask if it is really worth considering changing from DOC to DOCX? The answer is none other than Yes! Microsoft had been supporting the DOC extension files since the beginning and new features were being added from time to time. However, the DOC file format’s limitations had large impact on the speed of new features introduction.

Older Office file formats such as DOC and XLS were stored to disc as binary data and that is why the speed of storing and loading such files was quick. However, the binary file formats had their own limitations due to which it was becoming difficult to manage these with the passage of time. A short comparison of DOC vs DOCX below shows the need of switching from older file format to the new one.

DOC file format stores data to disc in binary format that is quicker but results in large file size. DOCX, on the other hand, is based on Office Open XML standards and provides a structured file format that is based on XML and encapsulated in ZIP archive, resulting in small file size.
The binary file structure of DOC file format must had to retain interfaces with every new version released in order to avoid crashes. The DOCX file format, based on XML file format, avoids this by having a well structured and organized file format that understands the older formats and supports backward compatibility which was otherwise difficult and tedious with DOC file format.
Being binary in nature, managing Object Linking and Embedding was subject to backward incompatibility if embedded object such as XLS chart was of different version than the supported one, resulting in conversion issues. DOCX, on the other hand, can support both backward and forward compatibility due to its XML structure and conversion issues due to version difference can be easily handled.
Older formats such as DOC and XLS are prone to the attacks of malware due to binary nature of their file structure, resulting in becoming a source of spreading virus. This is not the case with DOCX as malicious binary code can not be injected inside the documents.

How to Open DOCX on old Microsoft Word Versions

Microsoft Word 2003 or before can not open DOCX files. However, Microsoft provides a compatibility pack that can be installed and used to open the DOCX file format on older versions of Microsoft Word. In addition, there are free online converters available that can help convert files from DOCX to DOC file format.

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Survey: Image File Formats for Web

Posted on March 18, 2019 by Kashif Iqbal

The importance of images can easily be estimated by the famous quote that says “An image is worth a thousand words”. The presence of images on a webpage plays an important role in attracting the visitors by giving an idea about the contents of the page. It won’t be wrong to say that contents of a page goes hand in glove with images to give a clear idea of what it is all about and that is why several image file formats have been introduced with the passage of time.

Image File Formats

When we talk about digital images, we come across a variety of image types in our daily routine such as the well-known BMP, PNG, GIF, JPG, SVG, TIFF, WebP and several others. The use of a particular image type in web pages can have impact on page performance such as loading time which is considered one of the important factor in page’s ranking.

The prime competitors for usage over web include PNG, GIF, SVG, and JPG that are out there for decades now. A recent survey by web technologies shows that the lion share of web usage is held by PNG and JPEG image file formats.

%age of websites using various image file formats

Let’s have a look at some of the most popular image formats, their applications and usage worldwide.

GIF

GIF (Graphical Interchange Format) was introduced in 1987 and uses lossless compression to retain the image quality. GIF typically allows up to 8 bits per pixel and up to 256 colours are allowed across the image. GIFs support animation as well which is its only unique characteristic that makes it different from other image file formats. An animated GIF combines numerous images or frames into a single file and displays them in a sequence to generate an animated clip or a short video. The colour limitations are up to 256 for each frame and are likely to be the least suitable for reproducing other images and photographs with colour gradient.

PNG

PNG (Portable Network Graphics) is widely used image file format that was created in 1995 to replace GIF. PNG uses lossless compression and does not support animations. It is supported on almost all operating systems by now. PNG gives you flexibility in working with complex images and supports upto 16 million colors which is one of the reason behind its somewhat large comparative file size. Some advantages that make PNG superior to GIF include:

JPG/JPEG

JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group) was introduced to reduce the image file size by using lossy compression techniques. The output image, as a result of compression, is a trade-off between storage size and image quality. JPG is the obvious choice where storage is the main concern and speed is required over slow networks. Users can adjust the compression level to achieve the desired quality vs file size. JPG, however, doesn’t support transparency and animation, and can’t be used over the web where any such features are required. The format has been the choice of storing and transmitting photographic images on the web. Fileformat.com shares the details of JPEG file format specifications.

SVG

SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) files use XML based text format for describing the appearance of an image. It is one of the mostly used format for building website and print graphics in order to achieve scalability. SVG achieves scalability from the mathematically declared shapes and curves that it uses for drawing images. And that is why SVG is independent of resolution as well.

SVG file size is large as compared to GIF and PNG as it lies in the category of lossless image compression file formats. SVG files can be viewed/opened in almost all modern browsers including Chrome, Internet Explorer, Firefox, and Safari. Brief description of SVG file format can be found as detailed by fileformat.com.

WebP

The WebP image is a modern raster web image file format that is based on lossless and lossy compression. The format focuses on keeping the image quality while reducing the image size for faster web experience. WebP is comparatively new and it will take some time for this file format to be commonly used over the web. As per Google, WebP lossless images are 26% smaller in size compared to PNGs, while WebP lossy images are 25-34% smaller than comparable JPEG images.

WebP is comparatively new file format and is supported on Chrome and Opera browser. It will take some time for this new file format to be commonly used across the web.

Usage on Web

As mentioned earlier, the use of image types on web is subject to the requirements. If the page needs representation of contents in animated form, GIF should be used. JPEG is the obvious choice if file size restrictions is kept in consideration. PNG helps when more detailed and quality images are required. SVGs are scalable and can be used if file size isn’t a concern.

The latest file format introduced by Google, WebP, is the obvious choice of use over the web once it is commonly used. An important factor considered, while using selected image file format on web, is file size which affects website loading time and plays an important role to improve SEO.

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PDF File Formats at FileFormat.com

Posted on February 28, 2019 by Kashif Iqbal

Portable Document Format (PDF) is widely used page layout file format that is gaining popularity day by day. Introduced in early 1990s by Adobe, it completely stores a document in one file. PDF file format was initially used for desktop publishing of documents such as posters, flyers, and other similar types of files for physical printing. With the passage of time, Adobe not only introduced free PDF Reader, but enhanced the format to be light weight and compatible to become the file standard for fixed documents. FileFormat.com is your one stop for guidance about notes taking file formats. Its unique combination of file format wiki, news and support forums gives you the opportunity to get knowledge about file formats and engage in fruitful discussions with file format community.

PDF Standards

The PDF file format category at fileformat.com includes file format standards introduced with the passage of time. These PDF standards were created in accordance with the industrial needs and have certain limitations and restrictions to fulfil specific requirements.

PDF/A

PDF/A is an ISO standard format for archiving of electronic documents in PDF format. Its primary reason for coming into being was to meet the requirements of long term archiving. The standard ensures the opening of archived files even after long time by imposing certain limitations on document integral parts to achieve conformance. The format is now widely adopted across all industries . PDFA/A viewers like Adobe Acrobat Reader, ensure that files saved with this format can be opened even in future in accordance with the information shared by this Standard.

PDF/E

The “E” in PDF/E stands for Engineering. PDF/E was published as ISO 24517 in 2008 as a standard for creating PDF based Engineering documents to be used in a variety of application areas. Key areas making use of PDF/E file format include geospatial, construction and manufacturing workflows. The PDF/E standard provides a mechanism for the exchange and archiving of engineering documents based on the PDF format. PDF/E comes with the support of interactive media, including animations and 3D engineering model data.

PDF/VT

PDF/VT, published as ISO 16612-2 in August 2010 as a standard, is designed to enable variable document printing (VDP) in a variety of environments. The standard makes Variable information and Transactional printing as its basis for the standard. The Variable data printing is used where part of information is different for each recipient of the content. The Transactional printing includes invoices, statements and other documents that combine billing information with marketing information. This results in a mix of improved processing of images, text and other content types. PDF/VT enables reliable and dynamic management of pages for High Volume Transactional Output (HVTO) print data by using the document part metadata (DPM) concept. PDF/VT files can be opened in Adobe Acrobat viewer without the need of adding any other component.

PDF/X

PDF/X is an ISO 15930 standard published in 2001 with a subset of PDF functionality. The standard was established and published based on specific requirements of the printing and publishing industries. The requirements for this standard were all devised as per the diverse needs of printing and publishing industries. PDF/X requires the conforming files to be complete i.e. self-contained. This requires that elements like fonts used in the page should be part of the document. Contents such as 3D or video cannot be a part of PDF/X document. The information contained in PDF/X document requires it to be accurate.

Notes File Formats

The Notes Taking file format category at fileformat.com includes file formats that are commonly used for storing such files. Let us have a look at some of these file formats.

.ONE

File represented by .ONE extension are created by Microsoft OneNote application. OneNote lets you gather information using the application as if you are using your draft pad for taking notes. OneNote files can contain different elements that can be placed at non-fixed locations on document pages. These elements may contain text, digitized handwriting, and objects copied from other applications including images, drawings and multimedia (audio/video) clips. Microsoft now offers online version of OneNote as part of Office365 where Notes can be shared with other OneNote users over the internet.

ONETOC2

Those who have worked with Microsoft OneNote application may have noticed the presence of .onetoc2 files in the notebook folder. Microsoft OneNote creates binary .onetoc2 file as Table of Contents for keeping an index about the ordering of different note-taking sections in a notebook. A notebook is a collection of section files that are stored in the same directory. The .onetoc2 file uses a collection of properties to specify settings such as order of sections within the notebook and the colour of the notebook.

When you create a notebook in OneNote 2016, it’s automatically saved in the new 2010-2016 file format. You’ll need this format if you want all the features in OneNote 2016, like math equations and linked notes, to work properly.

File Format Resources

File Format News – Your one stop for all the news related to file formats from around the world
File Format Forums – Post your queries in file format forums to get useful information from file format experts and community users
File Format Wiki –Explore file format categories for information about various file formats

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Web File Formats on FileFormat.com

Posted on February 9, 2019 by Kashif Iqbal

Surfing internet has become part of lives of all those who use internet one way or the other. The web pages, we browse, are developed in several different languages and are hosted on web servers. These web files include static and dynamic webpages that are generated by web development software. FileFormat.com is your one stop for guidance about Web file formats. Its unique combination of file format wiki, news and support forums gives you the opportunity to get knowledge about file types and engage in fruitful discussions with file format community.

Web File Formats

The Web file format category on FileFormat.com includes file formats that are commonly used for storing such files. Let us have a look at some of these file formats.

HTML

ASP

ASP stands for Active Server Pages which is a development framework for creating web pages. It enables computer code to be executed by an internal server to serve the web requests. When a request is generated for an ASP file by web browser, the server reads the the file and executes any code/script inside it to generate the HTML result which is returned to the browser for display. Unlike HTML pages, which are static pages served by the server, ASP files generate dynamic contents at runtime that may involve requests to data from a database. ASP pages typically use the .asp extension rather .html. Since code/script inside an ASP file is executed on the server side, requesting browser can’t see the code used to build the served page. All modern browsers are capable of displaying pages generated as result. Being built on Microsoft technology, pages built with ASP are hosted on Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) servers.

MHTML

Files with MHTML extension represent a web page archive format that can be created by a number of different applications. The format is known as archive format because it saves the web HTML code and associated resources in a single file. These resources include anything linked to the webpage such as images, applets, animations, audio files and so on. MHTML files can be opened in a variety of applications such as Internet Explorer and Microsoft Word. Microsoft Windows uses MHTML file format for recording scenarios of problems observed during the usage of any application on Windows that raises issues. The MHTML file format encodes the page contents similar to specifications defined in message/rfc822 which is plain text email related specifications. The actual specifications of the format are as detailed by RFC 2557.

File Format Resources

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Page Description Languages File Formats at FileFormat.com

Posted on February 3, 2019 by Kashif Iqbal

A Page Description Language (PDL) is a computer language that describes the appearance of a printed page in a higher level than actual output bitmap. Some examples of PDL include Postscript (PS), PDF, and CGM. Files based on page description languages can be in textual as well as binary file format. There are countless applications that support PDL file formats including Adobe Acrobat as one of the most widely used application. FileFormat.com is your one stop for guidance about PDL file formats. Its unique combination of file format wiki, news and support forums gives you the opportunity to get knowledge about file types and engage in fruitful discussions with file format community.

Page Description Language File Formats

The Page Description Language file format category on FileFormat.com includes file formats that are commonly used for storing such files. Let us have a look at some of these file formats.

PDF

Portable Document Format (PDF) is a type of document created by Adobe back in 1990s. The purpose of this file format was to introduce a standard for representation of documents and other reference material in a format that is independent of application software, hardware as well as Operating System. PDF files can be opened in Adobe Acrobat Reader/Writer as well in most modern browsers like Chrome, Safari, Firefox via extensions/plug-ins. Most of the commercially available software suites also offer conversion of their documents to PDF file format without the requirement of any additional software component. Thus, PDF file format has full capability to contain information like text, images, hyperlinks, form-fields, rich media, digital signatures, attachments, metadata, Geospatial features and 3D objects in it that can become as part of source document.

PS

PostScript (PS) is a general-purpose page description language used in the business of desktop and electronic publishing. The main focus of PostScript (PS) is to facilitate the two-dimensional graphic design. Most languages require a distinct compilation stage before the code execution while Post Script (PS) format support a runtime straight forward interpretation. Its early version defines the graphical shapes, different text appearances and modelled imageries on printed pages or displayed pages, following the rules of Adobe imaging model. A program of PS is able to intercommunicate a document description between a composition and printing system keeping the device independent and high-level. Moreover this program is also capable of governing the appearance of text and graphics on a display.

SVG

SVG files are Scalable Vector Graphics Files that use XML based text format for describing the appearance of image. The word Scalable refers to the fact that the SVG can be scaled to different sizes without losing any quality. Text based description of such files make them independent of resolution. SVG is one of the mostly used format for building website and print graphics in order to achieve scalability. The format can only be used for two-dimensional graphics though. SVG files can be viewed/opened in almost all modern browsers including Chrome, Internet Explorer, Firefox, and Safari.

File Format Resources

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News, Updates and Information about File Formats – FileFormat Newsletter February 2019

Posted on February 1, 2019 by Usman Sarfraz

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Monthly Newsletter

February 2019

When should we use JPG or PNG? What is the difference between raster and vector image file formats? It is important for one to choose the right type of image keeping in view the requirements. The Image file format category at fileformat.com discusses popular image types along with their specifications through its unique combination of wiki, news and support forums. This unique combination also lets you engage in fruitful discussions with the file format community for issues you are facing relative to image file formats.

File Format News

3D file formats guide by fileformat.com

The 3D file format category includes 3DS, 3MF, FBX, GLB, GLTF, JT, OBJ and PLY file formats that can be processed by 3D applications like 3D Studio Max, Blender, Maya and others. Explore fileformat.com news and wiki sections to receive all the latest updates and technical information related to 3D file formats. Have any queries? Feel free to post in support forums and get assistance by experts. Read more details here.

Email file formats guide by fileformat.com

The email file format category includes popular email and message archiving file formats: EML, EMLX, ICS, MBOX, MSG, OFT, OST, PST and TNEF that can be processed by mailing applications like Microsoft Outlook, Mozilla Thunderbird, Apple Mail and others. Explore fileformat.com news and wiki sections to receive all the latest updates and technical information related to email file formats. Have any queries? Feel free to post in support forums and get assistance by experts. Read more details here.

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Project Management File Formats at FileFormat.com

Posted on January 28, 2019 by Kashif Iqbal

Project Management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements. There are several applications available that provide the facility to keep track of all the activities, which are part of a project, and monitor them for successful completion of the project. Microsoft Project is one such application that saves the project in popular project file formats for manipulation. Primavera is another tool that is extensively used for this purpose.

Project Management applications save project related data in specific file formats. Some popular file formats include MPP, XER, XML and others. FileFormat.com is your one stop for guidance about such project management file formats. Its unique combination of file format wiki, news and support forums gives you the opportunity to get knowledge about file types and engage in fruitful discussions with file format community.

Project Management File Formats

The Project Management file format category on FileFormat.com includes file formats that are commonly used for storing project related data. Let us have a look at some of these file formats.

MPP

A file with MPP extension is Microsoft Project data file that stores information related to project management in an integrated manner. It is proprietary file format developed by Microsoft as file format for Microsoft Project (MSP) which is a project management application software. Besides MPP, MSP supports other file formats as well like project XML schema. Several APIs and applications provide the facility to convert MPP file format to others. Microsoft now has online Project Server where project management files can be uploaded for collaboration by multiple users.

MPX

MPX, Microsoft Exchange File Format, is an ASCII file format for transferring of project information between Microsoft Project (MSP) and other applications that support the MPX file format such as Primavera Project Planner, Sciforma and Timerline Precision Estimating. The MPX file format allows you to transfer project information that cannot appear in a table, such as detailed resource assignment information, calendar information, or information in the Project Info dialog box.

The initial version of Microsoft Project 4.0 started the support for creating and reading MPX file formats that continued till Microsoft Project 98. However, support for creating MPX files was discontinued with the release of Microsoft Project 2000 and the versions till Microsoft Project 2010 support only MPX reading. Versions later than MSP 2010 do not support reading of MPX file format.

File Format Resources

File Format News – Your one stop for all the news related to file formats from around the world
File Format Forums – Post your queries in file format forums to get useful information from file format experts and community users
File Format Wiki –Explore file format categories for information about various file formats

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HTML – Hypertext Markup Language

XML – Extended Markup Language

XHTML – Extensible HyperText Markup Language

XAML – XML based Markup Language

PDF

EPub

EPub vs PDF

The Commonalities

The Differences

EPub or PDF: Which format to use?

DOC vs DOCX

How to Open DOCX on old Microsoft Word Versions

Image File Formats

GIF

PNG

JPG/JPEG

SVG

WebP

Usage on Web

PDF Standards

PDF/A

PDF/E

PDF/VT

PDF/X

See Also

Notes File Formats

.ONE

ONETOC2

File Format Resources

Web File Formats

HTML

ASP

MHTML

File Format Resources

Page Description Language File Formats

PDF

PS

SVG

File Format Resources

Monthly Newsletter

3D file formats guide by fileformat.com

Email file formats guide by fileformat.com

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